Stereotypes of gender and female employment

Stereotypes of gender and female employment Gender stereotypes are associated with the phenomenon of female employment in specific job types. This paper in general looks at the nature of stereotyping. Many researchers have documented this issue in their works and hence this paper goes a mile to look at this phenomenon of stereotyping in countries of Africa, Asia and South Africa. It surveys the relevant materials documented on this topic. This presentation will look at the reviews of existing measures on gender stereotyping. This presentation goes a mile further to detail the dynamic concept of gender stereotyping and tries to suggest measures brought in by developing countries can be accommodated. Lastly these presentation analyses the aspect of stereotyping of occupations in the developing countries. Documented evidence of gender stereotyping has been done with many writers and researchers all of them giving vital reasons as to why discussion of occupational segregation on labor market at large. This has been done by many including Hakim (1979), Elia (1988), Anker (1998) and Reskin Hartmann (1986) Occupational isolation occurs when different people participate in different kinds of occupations and there exists rigidity in the mobility of groups or people from one occupation to another. This presentation looks majorly at such occupational segregation which occurs along gender lines. We often find occupations which are termed male or female specific. Women and male workers have been divided and consideration for jobs in each gender group is segregated. Female candidates are not considered for male prioritized jobs and the same for the women. Less demanding and less paying jobs are left for women while men compete for the well paying through which the issue of gender isolation is widely brought out. This kind of segregation reduces efficiency and this is the point where gender stereotyping is evident. Women are concluded in thoughts to be house wife and many still have the generalization that women will still transfer the way they work in the house to the job place. This has lead to differential in wage payment forcing women to be paid in the lower rated jobs while men are paid heavily in the state of high income jobs. Thus, we view a subtle difference between segregation and stereotyping. Occupational segregation exists when men and women are differently distributed across occupations to a degree greater than is consistent with their overall shares of employment, irrespective of the nature of job allocation. Stereotyping is the phenomenon when the occupational segregation persists, maintains itself, and for a period of time continues to enrich itself fully between people. It is a concept that keeps on changing and full of life as compared to segregation which is static in a way. Stereotyping prohibits people to continue doing a job in the same group without changing a vice that has left female workers in a low class as compared to their counterparts. At this point the women remain in a poor state whereas men continue to prosper by advancing in other fields that require resources or opportunities that result out of occupation of such high cadre in the society. A consensus has been yielded that globalization policies in developing countries have devalued the traditional set up of female work which include agriculture in particular agro based and small scale production. This has displaced women form this form of occupation to certain newly created job types. Facts prove also that women specific income and development projects do not receive the same funding of resources and attention hence leading to the concentration of women in marginal economic sectors. For sure concentration of women laborers has risen in ill paid and low skilled jobs living their counterparts in much higher paying jobs. Experiences from East European transition economies also reveal the fact that there is preponderance of over-employment of female labor force in certain employments. These are the jobs with longer working hours, shorter retirement rates, and lower wages. International labor organization studies on women in the labor market disclose the occupational segre gation and the employment problem of the women in transition economies. Absorption of female workers is high in the informal sector activities in Asia, Africa and Latin America. Statistics from South American nations like Brazil, Jamaica and many others show that female laborers are strenuous in low-skilled job groups (Vickers, 1991). Displacement from original spheres of activities for both genders have combined with increasing concentration of female labor in marginal activities like being employed in minimal works at the tail end of the production process in companies. Through this globalization has brought in indirect form of occupational segregation into gender types The simplest measure of occupational segregation has been the sex ratio of the workers employed in the various occupations. If there exists q occupations indicated by x. Mx and Fx indicate respectively the number of male and female workers in the xth occupation, then Sx = Fx/ Mx indicate occupational segregation ratios. Higher Sx means that the particular occupation x has more concentration of females relative to males. Degrees of gender segregation has been defined in order of ascendance of the measure =Sx. Higher values and lower values of the indicator helps to categorize the occupations as exclusively men (EXM), mainly men (M), mixed (MF), mainly women (F) and exclusively women (EXF). This gauge has been used by many researchers successfully (Reskin Hartmann, 1986) to approximate the extent of segregation in different nations across occupations and also across jobs. Occupations are defined as aggregates over the cluster of jobs belonging to the occupation. Empirical data has sh own that occupational segregation can smoothen out the extent of segregation across job types. So sometimes segregation across job types reveal the segregation across occupations. Whatever may be the extent of desegregation, this measure of segregation suffers from the absence of relativity as this does not measure relative concentration of females compared to males in the occupations. Several other models are available but all with an objective to illustrate discrimination against gender. Occupational isolation is thus the main precondition for existence and generation of gender stereotyping. Since it is difficult to get together similar data of worldwide distribution of occupational gender distribution, the work of identifying the emerging stereotype work zones worldwide still remains. However, one can get a feel of the trouble from the data laid done in tables below. The practical figures regarding earnings differential of female and male workers can be taken to be an indication of occupational segregation. This problem is an unrelenting one and also a developing one mostly in the developing countries and the transition economies. The process of globalization has also brought in new occupations and job types in the third world countries. This vice itself as a reinforcing process to create gender stereotypes. There is need to identify areas of existing and emerging stereotypes so that necessary actions can be taken to prevent such labor market rigidity.

Internet Essay -- essays papers

Internet Speech to Motivate a. Speech title (Tip - Should have a literary quality): â€Å" The Lungs of the Earth† b. Topic (Tip - narrow and adapt to audience, see ch. 5 in text): The Amazon Forest c. Purpose Statements (See sample W.O.R.M.S. and ch. 5 in text): 1. General Purpose: To persuade my audience. 2. Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience to do one of these things to help preserve the Amazon Forest: write a letter, recycling, form and support a organization, or/and give financial support to preserve the Amazon Forest. 3. Central Idea (thesis): â€Å"The Amazon Forest is of Global Importance† d. Audience Analysis/Adaptations (Tip - see Chapter 4 in text; refer to student samples, answer all questions in complete sentences): 1. As you think of strategies to try to persuade this audience, what demographic variables in this class are you making a conscious effort to address? Explain. In preparing my speech, I have considered that 75% of them are between 19-23 and that they will suffer the consequences in a recent future if the amazon forest is destroyed I have also considered that nearly all my audience lives far from the amazon forest and that they maybe disinterested because they may think that the consequences of the destruction of the Amazon Forest won't affect them. Therefore I will address carefully that the consequences of the destruction of the amazon forest affects the entire world. Therefore I will address carefully this topic. 2. What does the audience already know about your topic that helps you form the appeals you will make? What new knowledge should this audience have by the end of your speech that you feel will help motivate them to do what you ask? (Tip - Answer all questi... ... However, still 65% of the Amazon forest is preserved. Therefore, not only one of us, but each one of us can still do something to help preserve what remain of the biggest biodiversity of the world, the Amazon Forest.† Bibliography (Tip - follow rules in Handbook: "Bibliography Tips," p. 27-28; three (3) credible sources minimum; attach sources): Bode, Thilo.â€Å"Greenpeace Launches Global Campaign to Save Amazon†. The Planet Ark Page. 02 of Jun. of 1999. * http://www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory*. Faeth, P. â€Å"Briefing on Solutions for the Amazon†. The Greenpeace Homepage.15 of Septemper of 1998. * http://www.greenpeace.org/~forests/brazil/amabrief1.html* Miller, K. and L. Tangley. 1991. Trees of Life: Saving Tropical forests and Their Biological Wealth. Beacon Press, Boston. Sizer,N.1996. The future of Rain Forests: A Global Issue.WRI, Washigton ,D.C.

Constitutional rights of prisoners Essay

They would use whippings and hangings, to public humiliation . Multiple prisoner where kept in crowded cells. One of the first correctional institutes in America was known as the Walnut Street jail. It was started in Philadelphia in the 1790. Prisons were meant to punish people who committed crimes. It was thought that by taking away ones freedom for committing crimes it would make them think twice about committing another crime when they were released. However by restricting them of their right to freedom violate their constitutional right? Should prisoners have rights while they are incarcerated? How do our prison systems refrain from making sure that prisoners’ rights are not being violated? Are the wardens and guards that run our prison systems doing all they can to ensure that our prisoners are being taken care of while keeping their own balance in their daily functions? There are many problems that are evident in our prison systems today that would make a person feel that a prisoners rights are being violated for instance the medical treatment of prisoners. It’s a right for a person to seek medical treatment however our inmates are not getting the treatment that they deserve due to the lack of doctors in our prisons and sometimes it due to the guards not wanting to give them the treatment because they feel they don’t truly need it. A prisoner is given a comprehensive medical and mental health exam within fourteen days of entering our prison system they are then examined periodically thereafter . Unless a prisoner has a dental emergency they are seen within one year of their admission into prison and annually thereafter. So as I was researching this I had to ask myself if they are being mistreated when it comes to the medical attention that they receive and my answer is no. Prisons don’t violate the rights of a prisoner to seek medical help they are actually being seen and treated more than most American are. Our prison system and jails have certain duties and codes that they must follow to insure the safety of our prisoners. A correctional facility should be safe and orderly and should be run in a fair and lawful manner. Imprisonment should prepare prisoners to live law-abiding lives upon release. Correctional authorities should facilitate prisoners’ reintegration into free society by implementing appropriate conditions of confinement and by sustained planning for such reintegration. A correctional facility should maintain order and should protect prisoners from harm from other prisoners and staff. Restrictions placed on prisoners should be necessary and proportionate to the legitimate objectives for which those restrictions are imposed. Correctional authorities should respect the human rights and dignity of prisoners. No prisoner should be subjected to cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or conditions. For a convicted prisoner, loss of liberty and separation from society should be the sole punishments imposed by imprisonment. For a prisoner not serving a sentence for a crime, the purpose of imprisonment should be to assure appearance of the prisoner at trial and to safeguard the public, not to punish. A correctional facility should be appropriately staffed. Correctional officials should implement internal processes for continually assessing and improving each correctional facility. A correctional facility should be monitored and regularly inspected by independent government entities. A lack of resources should not excuse treatment or conditions that violate prisoners’ constitutional or statutory rights. Governmental authorities should provide sufficient resources to implement these Standards. (Oxford 1995) They also have the sole duties of keeping are prisoners safe from any harm that they may encounter by doing the following. Each prisoner is entitled to humane and healthful living conditions; safety from harm, including protection from punitive or excessive force and protection from abuse by other prisoners and staff; freedom from staff harassment and invidious discrimination; freedom of religion and substantial freedom of expression; conditions conducive to maintaining healthy relationships with their families; opportunities to participate in constructive activity and  rehabilitative programs. We as American’s have constitutional rights that we all are protected from and a person who commits a crime against another person or society should be punished for it. Some of the punishments might be a little severe for the crime committed, but we do need to be held accountable for our actions. Our justice system is coming up with ways to keep petty offenders out of our prisons and by doing more policing in our cities is deterring criminals from committing crimes. Prison guards face numerous ethical dilemmas on the job. They need to be well connected to prisoners. An inmate may try to bribe them for better treatment or inmates may be abusive to guards for no reason. In both of these situations a guard must be able to treat all inmates equally.  They must be able to enforce prison rules firmly and consistently. This is something that should be done on a daily bases both while on duty and in his everyday life.

Labor Economics - 681 Words

Labour intensity mode of production Process where the ratio of labour to other inputs is relatively large. Where alternative techniques of production are possible , labour intensity mode can be varied in response to changes in the relation between real wages and the cost of using other inputs. A mode of production referrers to the way production is carried out. Labour refers to the physical efforts or people are required to carry out a process of production. Therefore a labour intensive mode of production where more labour is employed than capital. Theory of value (economics): Theory of value is a generic term which encompasses all the theories within economics that attempt to explain the exchange value or price of goods and†¦show more content†¦This ratio depends on what technique of production are easible. Effective demand for labour Effective demand for labour can be described as the price at which the consumer of labour are willing and able to purchase labour. To put things in perspective, holding all other constant. If the labour is low, the demand for labour is high, the demand for labour would be low. Discuss the complementary and substitutability of labour and capital Complementary: labour on its own can be viewed as human prowess to work and produce, and capital can be viewed as man made means of production. Hence labour on capital go hand in hand on issues like education, vocational duties like menial jobs etc. In such a situation when labor increases capital increases and when labor reduces capital also reduces hence labor is directly proportional to capital. Substitute: labour and capital are indifferent in exchange e.g They are substitute to each other. Substitutes on the other hand then implies a situation where factors operate independently of other factors , therefore , for labor and capital to be substitutes it explains a situation where labor and capital are employed to operate independently of each other but instead serve as substitutes of each other. The substitutability of labor and capital implies an increase in labor, capital for labor decreases, capital itself decreases, theShow MoreRelatedThe Social And Economic Aspects Of Labor Overseas1522 Words   |  7 Pages On one hand it’s significantly cheaper having labor overseas than back home, but the treatment of these workers is unjust. All these major companies care about is making a quick buck, they could care less how these workers are treated, the conditions they work in, and how it is affecting their way of living. The way these major companies treat their wo rkers not only affects them emotionally, but also affects their life in the social and economic aspect. 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